Regarding liquid carbon dioxide: under standard temperature and pressure conditions, one volume of water can dissolve one volume of carbon dioxide gas. At low concentrations, it poses no harm to humans; however, when its concentration exceeds 20 g/kg, it causes accelerated breathing. If the concentration rises to 250 g/kg, it can be fatal; therefore, a gas mask must be worn during handling operations. It should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse designated specifically for non-flammable gases, kept away from ignition sources and heat sources. The warehouse temperature should not exceed 30°C. It must be stored separately from flammable or combustible materials-mixed storage is strictly prohibited-and the storage area should be equipped with emergency response equipment for leaks. Operators must undergo specialized training and strictly adhere to operating procedures to prevent gas leakage into the workplace atmosphere. They must keep a safe distance from flammable and combustible materials. During loading and unloading operations, workers must wear protective clothing, protective gloves, and splash-resistant face shields; handling should be performed gently to prevent damage to the gas cylinders and their accessories. Emergency response equipment for leaks must be readily available.
The transportation and handling of liquid carbon dioxide must comply with specialized safety regulations, such as the *Guidelines for the Loading and Unloading of Shipborne Liquid Carbon Dioxide*, which apply to shipboard operations. Prior to loading and unloading operations, the status of all system valves must be verified. Operators are required to hold a valid certification for operating mobile pressure vessels and must possess proficient safe-handling skills to prevent operational errors. Mobile pressure vessels, such as tank trucks, must undergo periodic inspections.
