Liquid carbon dioxide should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated warehouse designated specifically for non-flammable gases, kept away from ignition sources and heat sources. The warehouse temperature should not exceed 30°C. It must be stored separately from flammable or combustible materials; mixed storage is strictly prohibited.
During handling, cylinders should be loaded and unloaded gently to prevent damage to the cylinders or their accessories. Operators must undergo specialized training and strictly adhere to operating procedures to prevent gas leakage into the workplace atmosphere. Operations should be conducted at a safe distance from flammable and combustible materials.
Liquid carbon dioxide may be transported via road tankers, rail tank cars, ships, pipelines, and other means. According to the *Guidelines for Shipboard Loading and Unloading Operations of Liquid Carbon Dioxide* (effective July 1, 2025), issued by the China Classification Society, the loading and unloading of bulk liquid carbon dioxide on ships applies to various modes, including ship-to-ship transfers, transfers between ships and shore-based storage terminals, transfers between ships and road tankers, and transfers between ships and storage barges. Operational scope encompasses the operation of loading/unloading equipment, safety precautions, risk assessment, operational procedures, and emergency response [3]. Road transport requires the use of specialized vehicles for hazardous chemicals, and transport personnel must possess the appropriate qualifications. Prior to loading or unloading operations, the status of system valves must be verified to prevent accidental operation that could lead to leakage; accident case studies indicate that the accidental opening of valves during unloading, as well as the low-temperature embrittlement and failure of pipeline seals, are significant causes of leakage and asphyxiation incidents.
In the event of an emergency during transport-such as a vehicle breakdown-a safety cordon must be immediately established, and the coordinated emergency response mechanism activated. Personnel involved in the operation must wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including protective clothing, gloves, and splash-resistant face shields.
